Is it possible to change your process focus filters

In these experiments, two auditory messages were presented simultaneously with one presented to each ear. Cherry then asked participants to pay attention to a particular message, and then repeat back what they had heard. He discovered that the participants were able to easily pay attention to one message and repeat it, but when they were asked about the contents of the other message, they were unable to say anything about it. Cherry found that when contents of the unattended message were suddenly switched such as changing from English to German mid-message or suddenly playing backward very few of the participants even noticed.

Interestingly, if the speaker of the unattended message switched from male to female or vice versa or if the message was swapped with a Hz tone, the participants always noticed the change. Cherry's findings have been demonstrated in additional experiments. Other researchers have obtained similar results with messages including lists of words and musical melodies. Theories of selective attention tend to focus on when stimulus information is attended to, either early in the process or late.

One of the earliest theories of attention was Donald Broadbent's filter model. Building on the research conducted by Cherry, Broadbent used an information-processing metaphor to describe human attention.

He suggested that our capacity to process information is limited in terms of capacity, and our selection of information to process takes place early on in the perceptual process. In order to do this, we utilize a filter to determine which information to attend to. All stimuli are first processed based upon physical properties that include color, loudness, direction, and pitch. Our selective filters then allow for certain stimuli to pass through for further processing while other stimuli are rejected.

Treisman suggested that while Broadbent's basic approach was correct, it failed to account for the fact that people can still process the meaning of attended messages. Treisman proposed that instead of a filter, attention works by utilizing an attenuator that identifies a stimulus based on physical properties or by meaning.

Think of the attenuator like a volume control—you can turn down the volume of other sources of information in order to attend to a single source of information. The "volume" or intensity of those other stimuli might be low, but they are still present.

In experiments, Treisman demonstrated that participants were still able to identify the contents of an unattended message, indicating that they were able to process the meaning of both the attended and unattended messages. Other researchers also believed that Broadbent's model was insufficient and that attention was not based solely on a stimulus's physical properties. The cocktail party effect serves as a prime example. Imagine that you are at a party and paying attention to the conversation among your group of friends.

Suddenly, you hear your name mentioned by a group of people nearby. Even though you were not attending to that conversation, a previously unattended stimulus immediately grabbed your attention based on meaning rather than physical properties. According to the memory selection theory of attention, both attended and unattended messages pass through the initial filter and are then sorted at a second-stage based upon the actual meaning of the message's contents.

Information that we attend to based upon meaning is then passed into short-term memory. More recent theories tend to focus on the idea of attention being a limited resource and how those resources are divvied up among competing sources of information. Such theories propose that we have a fixed amount of attention available and that we must then choose how we allocate our available attentional reserves among multiple tasks or events.

Indeed, it may not stand alone in explaining all aspects of attention, but it complements filter theories quite well," suggested Robert Sternberg in his book Cognitive Psychology, summarizing the different theories of selective attention.

Reorder Smart Filters. In the Layers panel, drag a Smart Filter up or down in the list. Double-click Filter Gallery to reorder any gallery filters. Photoshop applies Smart Filters from the bottom up. Duplicate Smart Filters. Delete Smart Filters. To delete an individual Smart Filter, drag it to the Delete icon at the bottom of the Layers panel. Mask Smart Filters. Mask Smart Filter effects.

Click the filter mask thumbnail in the Layers panel to make it active. A border appears around the mask thumbnail. Select any of the editing or painting tools. To hide portions of the filter, paint the mask with black. To show portions of the filter, paint the mask with white. To make the filter partially visible, paint the mask with gray.

You can also apply image adjustments and filters to filter masks. Change filter mask opacity or feather mask edges. Click the filter mask thumbnail or select the Smart Object layer in the Layers panel, and then click the Filter Mask button in the Masks panel. The Mask Edge option is not available for filter masks. Invert a filter mask. But perhaps the most profoundly interesting point about the involvement of the basal ganglia is that the structure is usually associated with motor control, although research has increasingly implicated it in reward-based learning, decision-making and other motivation-based types of behavior as well.

The reverse also happens, with body movements as small as the flicker of an eye also guiding perception. Slagter is now studying the role that the basal ganglia might play in consciousness. Correction added on Sept. This article was reprinted on TheAtlantic. Get highlights of the most important news delivered to your email inbox. Quanta Magazine moderates comments to facilitate an informed, substantive, civil conversation. Abusive, profane, self-promotional, misleading, incoherent or off-topic comments will be rejected.

Moderators are staffed during regular business hours New York time and can only accept comments written in English. We care about your data, and we'd like to use cookies to give you a smooth browsing experience. Please agree and read more about our privacy policy. Read Later. A brain circuit that suppresses distracting sensory information holds important clues about attention and other cognitive processes. Contents Exit focus mode. Use filters to complete these tasks: In daily scrum meetings, filter the Kanban board to focus on assigned work for a specific sprint.

Or, if your team uses the Sprints Taskboard, filter for a team member's completed assigned work. To triage work items, create a query and filter to focus on similar work grouped by Area Path or Tags. Supported filter functions. See also the Parent field and Parent Work Item section later in this article.

Additional filter, sort, group, reorder, and rollup functions Along with the standard filter functions summarized in the previous table, the following table indicates which tools have more filters you can apply, sort, group, reorder, and rollup functions.

Other filter, sort, group, and reorder functions Along with the standard filter functions summarized in the previous table, the following table indicates which tools have other filters you can apply, sort, group, and reorder functions. Notes The Work items page is subject to filters based on the view selected. Boards and backlogs are subject to filters defined for the team as described in Set up your Backlogs and Boards.

Completed and In Progress work items are determined based on the state categories assigned to the workflow state as described in How workflow states and state categories are used in Backlogs and Boards. Grouping is supported through portfolio backlogs and boards, parent-child links, and tree hierarchy. Tree hierarchies are flattened when filtering is applied and reinstated when filtering is cleared.

Backlogs and Sprint Backlogs support reordering. However, when filtering is enabled, reordering isn't supported. Taskboards provides a Group by function based on People or Stories. Query Results supports multi-column sort. Work items appear in the order defined for the team Sprint backlog, which it inherits from the team product backlog. To learn more about these other functions, see the following articles: Reorder cards Kanban Boards Display rollup progress or totals About backlogs, Work with multi-team ownership of backlog items.

To learn more about these other functions, see the following articles: Reorder cards Kanban Boards About backlogs, Work with multi-team ownership of backlog items. Note You can't set default filter options, nor set filter options for other members in your team. To filter using fields, first add the field as a column or to the card. For example, to filter by Assign To , Iteration Path , or Work Item Type —or the contents of any other field—add those fields to show on the cards, backlog, plan, or list.

To add columns or fields, see the following articles:. For Work items, choose the Assigned to me , Following , Mentioned , or other view For Backlogs and Boards, choose the backlog level you want, such as Stories , Features , or Epics For sprint Backlogs and Taskboards, choose the iteration For queries, define the query filter criteria of interest.

For Backlogs and Boards, choose the backlog level you want, such as Stories , Features , or Epics For sprint Backlogs and Taskboards, choose the iteration For queries, define the query filter criteria of interest. Filter a backlog by using a keyword Here we filter the Backlog with Show Parents enabled, to only show work items that include 'web'. Filter based on a field With filtering turned on, choose one or more values from the multi-select drop-down menu for each field available to you.

The values for these fields are populated as follows: Area : The Node Name, which specifies the last node of an Area Path, of valid Area Paths and for which there are work items assigned to that Area Path Assigned To : All users who are currently assigned to work items on the board plus Unassigned Iteration : All Iteration Paths selected for the current team and for which there are work items assigned to that iteration Work item type : Work item types defined for the Requirements Category product backlog or Features or Epic categories feature or epic portfolio backlogs , subject to work items being assigned to the work item types Tags : All tags assigned to work items on the board Parent Work Items : All features defined for the team, or all epics defined for the team when viewing the Features board Note Filter options are dependent on the work items that meet the filter criteria.

For example, here we filter for all items assigned to Jamal and Raisa. Filter a backlog by using fields Here we show a filtered backlog based on the keyword "issues".